Detached parts of the sentence что это

Обновлено: 08.05.2024

D (loose) POTS are those secondary parts which assume a certain grammatical and semantic independence due to their loose connection with the words they modify. It can be due to the position of these words, the way they are expressed, their meaning, or the speaker's desire to make them prominent. In spoken language they are marked by intonation, pauses, and special stresses, in written language they are generally separated by commas or dashes. The detached adverbial modifier (any part of speech used in the function of AM) (In great excitement, she rushed in). An AM expressed by an absolute construction is generally detached (With her voice trembling, she couldn't speak distinctly). The detached attribute can modify not only a common noun as an ordinary attribute does but also a proper noun and a pronoun (It was a large building, some 20 stores high). The detached prepositional indirect object (A big tray was brought, with German plums).

Revaluation of syntactical meanings.

Grammatical meanings, similar to notional meanings, can be “shifted”, i.e. used figuratively. In other words, grammatical forms (in our case syntactical) are sometimes used not in their original sphere – they perform a function which is not their originally.

Quasi-affirmative sentences. This provisional term denotes a certain variety of rhetorical question, namely those with a negative predicate. The implication of such a negative question is an affirmative statement:

Isn’t that too bad? = That is too bad.

Quasi-negative sentences. Most of them are rhetorical questions with affirmative predicates: Did I say a word about the money? (Shaw) = I didn’t say…

Quasi-imperative sentences are those which express inducement (order or request) without the imperative form of the verb. Some of them do not name the required action, but only mention the object or a qualification of a self-evident action:

“Tea. For two. Out here.” (Shaw)

Quasi-interrogative sentences are either imperative or declarative. Instead of asking How old are you? Where were you born? One may either command Fill in your age and birthplace or explain: Here you are to write down your age and birthplace.

Types of Syntactic Connection Viewed Stylistically

Words, phrases, clauses, and sentences are connected with one another in speech. Words and phrases are mostly combined with their environment semantically, sometimes by means of auxiliary elements (prepositions and conjunctions) . Clauses and independent sentences can be joined to one another asyndetically (in this case the connection is purely semantic); more often, conjunctions or other connectors are employed.

Stylistically relevant are changes in the type of connection between the aforementioned units.

Detachment. Detachment is specific phonetic treatment of a word or word-group ^ instead of the usual articulation when the word (phrase) is fused with its environment, the speaker makes a short pause before (and often after) the detached segment and lays special stress on it. As a result of this, the word (phrase) appears to be opposed to the rest of the sentence – to what precedes it and follows it. Hence, the detached part is underlined as something specially important.

In writing and in print, detached parts are separated from the rest of the sentence by punctuation marks (mostly by commas or dashes). Unusual placement in the sentence (inversion – see above) is also a sure sign of detachment.

The general stylistic effect of detachment is strengthening, emphasizing the word (or phrase) in question. Besides, detachment imparts additional syntactical meanings to the word or phrase.

Talent, Mr. Micawber has, capital, Mr. Micawber has not. (Dickens)

It was indeed, to Forsyte eyes, an odd house. (Galsworthy)

Parenthetic words, phrases and sentences. They either express modality of what is predicated or imply additional information, mostly evaluating what is said or supplying some kind of additional information. Parenthetic elements comprising additional information seem to be a kind of protest against the linear character of the text^ the language user interrupts himself trying in vain to say two things at once.

Parenthetic segments comprising additional information perform a number of stylistic functions. One of the most important potentialities of such parentheses is the creation of the second plane, or background. The parenthetic form of a statement makes it more conspicuous, more important than it would be if it had the form of a subordinate clause.

The main entrance (he had never ventured to look beyond that) was a splendiferous

combination of a glass and iron awning, coupled with a marble corridor lined with

palms. (Dreiser)

Syntactic Stylistic devices( variant 2)

We may define several groups of SSD

1. Positional syntactic stylistic devices

1/ Emphatic inversion or Anastrophe

2. Accumulative SSD

3/ Climax (logical, emotional, quantitative)

7/ Repetition (lexical, Synonymical, Syntactical)

12/ Syntactic tautology (noun >pronoun; pronoun >noun)

3. SSD based on various types of connection between the parts of the utterance

The Detached Secondary Parts of the Sentence

The detached secondary parts of the sen­tence 3 (обособленные второстепенные члены предложения) are those parts which acquire a certain independence in the sentence and are consequently much looser connected with the parts of the sentence on which they depend. This independence and looseness of connection with the other members of the sentence is- shown by the fact that the detached parts are separated by a pause (usually, but not always, marked in spelling by a comma) and receive a logical stress of their own.

Both extended and unextended secondary parts of the sentence- may be detached although the use of extended parts in that func­tion is more common.

Compare the following sentences:

In the east the day was breaking, pale and desolate. (Ma­son.) The morning has broken clear, the day was sunny and cloudless. (Mason.)

In the first sentence the two adjectives joined by the conjunc­tion and fpale and desolate) are pronounced with a logical stress and there is a certain pause before them — they are detached attributes.

In the second sentence the adjective clear is not detached, it forms a double predicate together with the verb had broken (had broken clear.)

The detached secondary parts of the sentence comprise an addi­tional communication and thus bear a predicative character. In their meaning and pronunciation the detached parts of the sentence often approach subordinate clauses.

The candle, wasted at last, went out (= which was wasted at last. ) (Brontё.) Having sealed and posted this letter, he went into the dining-room (=when he had sealed and posted this letter. ) (Galsworthy.)

A detached attribute expressed by an adjective or a participle.

A detached attribute expressed by an adjeсtive or a participle may stand before or after the word which it modifies. A detached attribute may refer not only to a noun but also to a pronoun.

When a detached attribute expressed by an adjective or a participle stands before the word which it modifies, it has often additional adverbial meaning (cause, condition, time, concession, comparison.) Such an attribute modifying the sub­ject at the same time refers to the predicate as an adverbial mod­ifier:

Surprised at that unexpected question, I hardly knew what to answer (surprised at that unexpected question — a detached attribute to the subject I and at the same time an adverbial modifier of cause to the predicate knew.) Arrived at the edge, old Jolyon stood, noting another water-lily opened since yester­day. (Galsworthy.) (arrived at the edge — a detached attrib­ute to the subject old Jolyon and at the same time an adver­bial modifier of time to the predicate stood).

Impatient for the lignt of spring, I have slept lately with the blind drawn up. (Gissing.) Restless, unhappy, puzzled, he wandered round and about all the afternoon. (Galswor­thy.) Thus encouraged, Oliver tapped at the study door. (Dickens.) Slow, silent, the river lapses between its daisied banks. (Gissing.), Weary with watching and anxiety, he at length fell asleep. (Dickens.)

When a detached attribute expressed by an adjective or a participle stands after the word which it modifies, it may follow it directly or be placed at some distance from it at the end of the sentence. When the detached attribute imme­diately follows the word which it modifies, it is often synonymous to a subordinate clause:

We entered a forest, dark and gloomy (= which was dark and gloomy). Again the sun was warm, again the streams, de­scending from glaciers and snowy caverns, were refreshing to drink at. (Dickens.) A sound of singing came down the wa­ter to him, trailing, distant, high and sweet. (Galsworthy.) And — yes — here was the little fountain, broken, and discol­oured now. (Galsworthy.) There were two figures, middle- aged and young. (Galsworthy.)

If a detached attribute expressed by an adjective or a participle stands at the end of the sentence, it may either have an .additional adverbial meaning or express a state of the subject attending an action. In the latter case it approaches in its meaning that of a predicative in a double predicate (see “The Double Predicate”, p. 350) the difference con­sisting only in that the predicative in a double predicate is never detached.

Mont Blanc appears — still, snowy, and serene. (Shelley.) (= detached attributes.) The sun rose hot and unclouded. (ВгоМё.) (= predicatives in a double predicate).

He was a bright boy, . healthy and strong. (London.) . then he sat up, offended, glaring at her. (Cronin.)

A detached attribute expressed by a noun with a preposition.

A detached attribute expressed by a noun with a preposition is usually extended, but it may also be unextend­ed. In most cases it is placed after the word which it modifies, rarely before it:

It is at the age of eighty that I picture him, without the vestige of a stoop, rather above middle height, of very well proportioned figure. (Galsworthy.) But his greatest joy in life had been his long summer holidays, in Italy, or among the Alps. (Galsworthy.)

A detached (loose) apposition.

A detached apposition (see “The Apposition”, p. 377) stands either directly after the word to which it refers or at some distance from it.

The predicative character of a detached apposition is shown by its association with the same articles that are used with the pre­dicative (see “The Article”, p. 58):

The road between the trees was covered in all its length and breadth with fallen leaves — a carpet of pale gold. (Gissing.) Lizzy, a black-eyed child of seven, looked very shy. (Eliot.) In the east mountain peaks — fingers of snow — glittered above the mist. (Galsworthy.)

A detached adverbial modifier.

A detached adverbial modifier (of place, time, condi­tion, concession, manner or comparison, attending circumstances) may be expressed by an adverb, a participle, an adjec­tive, a noun or a gerund with a preposition.

A detached adverbial modjfier is usually extended, but some­times also unextended. It is joined to the word which it modifies either a) asyndetically orb) by means of a conjunc­tion. The conjunction stresses the independent character of the detached adverbial modifier.

A detached adverbial modifier may stand either at the be­ginning or at the end of the sentence, sometimes in the m i d d 1 e of it:

She glanced, sideways, at the old couple. (Mansfield.) He spoke slowly, with cutting deliberation^ (Cronin.) A soft rain had begun to fall, hissing gently on the leaves. (Gals­worthy.) Without saying anything to Christine, he began to look for a convenient consulting-room up West. (Cronin.) He sat still a long time, to all appearance watching the little blue butterflies playing round the red and tawny roses. (Gals­worthy.) Fleur rose from her chair — swiftly, restlessly, and flung herself down at a writing-table. (Galsworthy.) Slowly, very silently, she went. (Galsworthy.)

Though extremely weak, he had no sensation of pain. (London.) In the night, as always, things looked unfamiliar. (Galsworthy.) While skating along at full speed, they heard the cars from Amsterdam coming close behind them. (Dodge.) One bird going to bed later than the others was uttering a half-hearted twitter, as though surprised at the darkness. (Galsworthy.)

A detached adverbial modifier may be expressed by a com­plex a) the “Nominative Absolute” or b) “The Con­struction Introduced by with (without):

. it (the apple tree) was just in leaf, and all but in flow­er— its crimson buds just bursting. (Galsworthy.) She was silent, her eyes downcast, upon her knitting (Cronin.) She shrunk slowly away from him, and stood quite still, her eyes wide with horror, her face as white as the kerchief at her neck. (Voynich.) Below me, but far off, is the summer sea, still, silent, its ever changing blue and green dimmed at the long limit with luminous noontide mist. (Gissing.)

It was wonderful up here, with the sun burning hot in a sky clear-blue already. (Galsworthy.) And after we had taken off our respective hats, he reseated himself, with his hands on his knees. (Galsworthy.) He was lying very still, . with the sunlight falling across the foot of his bed. (Galswor­thy.)

The detached specifying parts of the sen­tence.

A specifying part of the sentence (уточняющий член предложения) makes the meaning of some other part of the sentence more precise, but is not homogeneous with the lat­ter.

The specifying parts of the sentence may be extended or unex­tended. They may be expressed by the same part of speech as the words to which they refer or by some other part of speech.

The specifying parts of the sentence may be connected with the word to which they refer either a) asyndetica 11 у or b) by" means of conjunctions: that is, namely, etc.:

We walked a very long distance, about six miles — here one noun (distance) is specified by another noun (miles). There, in the wonderful pine forests, we spent a delightful fortnight — here an adverb (there) is specified by a noun (forests). It all happened many years ago, namely in 1932. Now, in the depth of winter, it is hard to traverse those forests. Ten members, that is the majority of the commission, were in favour of the proposal. There, in the little clearing, where they spread the rug, was a singing solitude which belonged only to them and to the birds. (Cronin.) The field was oblong, sixty yards in length, forty in breadth. (O’F1 a her t y.)

The simple sentence

A sentence is a unit of speech whose grammatical structure conforms to the laws of the language and which serves as the chief means of conveying a thought.

According to the purpose of the utterance there are 4 kinds of SS: 1) The declarative sentence – states a fact in the affirmative or negative form, the subject precedes the predicate, generally pronounced with a falling intonation. The predicate can have only 1 negation. 2) The interrogative S – asks a question, formed by means of inversion (the predicate or part of it is placed before the subject): General Q requiring the answer "yes" or "no" and spoken with a rising int., formed by placing auxiliary or modal verb before the subject; Special Q beginning with an interrogative word and spoken with a falling int., the word order is the same as in GQ, but the interrogative word precedes the verb; Alternative Q indicating choice and spoken with a rising int. in the first part and a falling int. in the second; Disjunctive Q requiring the answer "yes" or "no" and consisting of an affirmative statement followed by a negative Q or vice versa, the first part is spoken with a fall and the second with a rise. 3) The imperative sentence – serves to induce a person to do smth., so it expresses a command (a fall), a request, an invitation (a rise), etc. 4) The exclamatory sentence – expresses emotion or feeling, often begins with the words "what, how", always in the declarative form, generally spoken with a falling int.

According to the structure SS are divided into: 1) A two-member sentence has two members (a subject and a predicate). It can be complete (both members are present) and incomplete (elliptical) (one or both members are missing, but can be easily understood from the context). 2) A one-member sentence has only one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate, one member makes the sense complete, used in descriptions and emotional speech. Mostly expressed by a noun (a nominal sentence) or an infinitive.

1) An unextended sentence consists only of the primary parts. 2) An extended sentence consists of the subject, the predicate and one or more secondary parts (objects, attributes or AM).

Обособление ( Detached Construction )

Обособление – стилистический приём, основанный на выделении второстепенного члена предложения с помощью пунктуации (и интонационно), в результате чего данный член предложения отрывается от слова, к которому относится, обретая синтаксическую независимость и большую степень значимости в предложении и, таким образом, привлекая внимание читателя. В следующих примерах второстепенные члены предложения отделены от остальной части предложения запятыми и точками:

“I want to go,” he said, miserable. ( сравните: “I want to go,” he said miserably);

“He had been nearly killed, ingloriously, in a jeep accident.” (Shaw); “I have to beg you for money. Daily.” (Lewis) “She was crazy about you. In the beginning. (Warren)

“Steyne rose up, grinding his teeth, pale, and with fury in his eyes.” (Thackeray)

Обособление как стилистический приём типичен для синтаксиса стиля художественной речи и, главным образом, для слов, обладающих объясняющей функцией, например: “June stood in front, fending off this idle curiosity – a little bit of a thing, as somebody said, ‘all hair and spirit’…” . (Galsworthy)

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